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Bickerstaff became a person, sporting a life independent of his creator, the actual author. (See Publication Details.) The pseudonym Isaac Bickerstaff, first imagined by Jonathan Swift and later adopted by Steele as the eponymous author of the Tatler, allowed Steele to create and develop a persona. The publication of Richard Steele's Tatler inaugurated a new era: the importance of authorship and the figure of the author. The relative success of the early Female Tatler was due, in part, to the success of its immediate predecessor. Goldsmith claims that although a total of four authors were most likely involved in the Society of Ladies, there were only two principal authors: the Lucinda-Artesia papers by Mandeville and the Emilia-Rosella papers by another, as of yet unidentified, author since, for most of the run, these two sets of writers alternated with each other. The other papers appeared under the names of Emilia (sixteen papers), Rosella (ten papers),* Arabella (three papers), and Sophronia (three papers).

It is widely believed that both sisters were actually the pen names of a Dutch physician, Bernard Mandeville. The supposed sisters, Lucinda and Artesia, wrote thirty-two of the remaining issues of the Female Tatler. That the authorship of the Female Tatler shifted just after Manley's arrest clearly supports the speculation that she served as the writer behind 'Mrs.

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The prosecution at her trial was partisan in nature-the Whig government was in search of a Tory plot and Manley proved an easy target. She was arrested due to her satirical portrayal in The New Atalantis of many prominent Whigs controlling Queen Anne's government. On Friday, November 4, 1709, number fifty-two of the Female Tatler appeared under new authorship after Delarivier Manley was arrested by the Whig government for seditious libel. 1 (See Historical Context for a discussion on attributing a Whiggish or Tory tone to the author of the Female Tatler.) Goldsmith claims that 'the inaccuracy of many discussions of the paper and the confusion resulting from speculative attributions of authorship unsupported by evidence' have made correct attribution a difficult task. (See the ECE site Female Friendships for more on Manley.) M. She was also the author of numerous political pamphlets as well as the editor of the Examiner. Manley was the author of such scandalous works as Secret Memoirs from the New Atalantis and Memoirs of Europe, which became best sellers. Crackenthorpe is believed to have been the pseudonym of Delarivier Manley, playwright and novelist. Crackenthorpe, author of the first fifty-two issues of the periodical, 'were notable for scandal and scurrility.' Mrs.

Any attributions are speculations based on some supporting evidence. S cholars are uncertain about and widely contest the authorship of the Female Tatler.